![]() ![]() Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibition plays a critical part in improving prognoses for patients with a range of tumor types ( 1). This review will showcase the development of PD-(L)1 PET tracers from preclinical studies through to clinical use, and will explore the opportunities in drug development and possible future clinical implementation. ![]() Several PD-(L)1 PET tracers have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies, with clinical trials in progress to assess their use in a number of cancer types. PET imaging utilizes radiolabeled molecules to non-invasively assess PD-(L)1 expression spatially and temporally. However, challenges related to the implementation, interpretation, and clinical utility of PD-L1 diagnostic tests have led to an increasing number of preclinical and clinical studies exploring interrogation of the TME by real-time imaging of PD-(L)1 expression by positron emission tomography (PET). PD-L1 expression has been associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and treatment strategies are often guided by immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic tests assessing expression of PD-L1. Long-term clinical benefit has been observed in patients receiving PD-(L)1 inhibitors, alone and in combination with other treatments, across multiple tumor types. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors target the important molecular interplay between PD-1 and PD-L1, a key pathway contributing to immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME). 2Technische Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.1Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States.David Leung 1 Samuel Bonacorsi 1 Ralph Adam Smith 1 Wolfgang Weber 2* Wendy Hayes 1 ![]()
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